how does admiral spruance explain the us victory at midway quizlethow does admiral spruance explain the us victory at midway quizlet

On February 26, 1940, Spruance reported as commandant of the 10th Naval District with headquarters at Naval Station Isla Grande in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Akagi class Japanese aircraft carrier that was part of the first detachment of the Japanese carrier strike force. Captain George C. Dyer of the light cruiser Astoria, who served under both Spruance and Halsey, summed up the view of many ship captains: My feeling was one of confidence when Spruance was there. Lt. Kabayashi leads Japanese bombers from the Hiryu to attack the USS Yorktown. Richmond Kelly Turner and Harry W. Hill and Marine Generals Holland M. Smith and Julian C. Smith. ThoughtCo. During the Midway engagement which resulted in the defeat of and heavy losses to the enemy fleet, his seamanship, endurance, and tenacity in handling his task force were of the highest quality. History is who we are and why we are the way we are.. Answer: Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. Raymond A. Spruance was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on 3 July 1886. For that assault, Spruance led the most powerful naval strike force in history. The Japanese were trying to tow Soryu to safety when she was torpedoed and sunk by the U.S. submarine Nautilus. The US intelligence services could predict the way the Japanese carriers and planes would be approaching the battle. Serving in Manila, Spruance remained abroad until resigning his post in 1955. Privacy Policy, Admiral Raymond Spruance served in US Navy during. On April 28, the last day of the invasion, Spruances command was redesignated as the Fifth Fleet. transmitted as a message) to Rear Admirals Frank Jack Fletcher and Raymond Spruance on the eve of the battle of Midway To quote a U S Navy website, "Nimitz clearly . He was uniquely modest and candid about himself all his life. For exceptionally meritorious service During the Midway engagement which resulted in the defeat of and heavy losses to the enemy fleet, his seamanship, endurance, and tenacity in handling his task force were of the highest quality., (Citation on Rear Admiral Spruances Navy Distinguished Service Medal, awarded for his conduct at the Battle of Midway). Raymond Ames Spruance as Ambassador to the Republic of the Philippines Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, Vice Admiral Marc A. Mitscher, Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz and Vice Admiral Willis A. Lee - 1945 Notwithstanding their different personalities, Spruance and Halsey were close friends. Japanese supporting aircraft carrier in the corresponding Aleutian Islands Invasion. About his intellect he was equally unpretentious: Some people believe that when I am quiet that I am thinking some deep and important thoughts, when the fact is that I am thinking of nothing at all. By 1939, at the age of 53, Spruance had spent 18 years at sea. His entry in Whos Who in America was only three lines long (including his full name), and a footnote in Morisons monumental history of the U.S. Navy in World War II testifies to his modesty. At the crucial Battle of Midway your daring and skilled leadership routed the enemy in the full tide of his advance and established the pattern of air-sea warfare which was to lead to his eventual capitulation[24]. On June 19, however, hundreds of planes from nine Japanese aircraft carriers attacked the Fifth Fleet. [11] Although Spruance was proven as a cruiser division commander, he had no experience handling carrier-air combat; Halsey reassured Nimitz, and he told Spruance and Fletcher to rely on their newly inherited staff, particularly Captain Miles Browning, a battle-proven expert in carrier warfare. This article was written by Michael D. Hull and originally appeared in the May 1998 issue of World War II magazine. [14][15] For his actions at the battle of Midway Rear Admiral Spruance was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal and cited as follows: "For exceptionally meritorious service as Task Force Commander, United States Pacific Fleet. He was fond of symphonic music, and his tastes were generally simple. His wife, Margaret Dean (18881985), is buried alongside him, as are Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, his longtime friend Admiral Richmond K. Turner, and Admiral Charles A. Lockwood, an arrangement made by all of them while living. Early in his career he was In July 1941, his responsibilities were expanded to include oversight of the Caribbean Sea Frontier. He withdrew his ships westward, still hoping to draw Spruance into a trap. The three-day operation was the most extensive ever undertaken by carriers. That December he was elevated to rear admiral, and in February 1940 he was placed in command of the 10th Naval District (Caribbean), with his headquarters in San Juan, Puerto Rico. That same month, he directed Operation Hailstone which saw American carrier aircraft repeatedly strike the Japanese base at Truk. In 1964 an Ohio woman took up the challenge that had led to Amelia Earharts disappearance. https://www.thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511 (accessed March 1, 2023). Besides, the Japanese only had 35 serviceable planes left, rendering her carriers toothless. As his staff worked, Halsey used the fleet to win the Battle of Leyte Gulf. The Battle of Midway was fought June 4-7, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945) and was the turning point of the war in the Pacific. Meanwhile, his search planes found no sign of any American warships. Naval Academy in 1906,[5] and received further, hands-on education in electrical engineering a few years later. I was shanghaied ashore in November of the next year to take over as electrical superintendent at the New York Navy Yard, said Spruance. Aboard the battleship Yamato, Admiral Yamamoto received word that the U.S. fleet was at Midwaynot Pearl Harbor as he had thought. [25], Spruance was President of the Naval War College from February 1946 until he retired from the Navy in July 1948. He graduated from Shortridge High School and went on to the U.S. ThoughtCo, Jul. To the Aleutians, the Japanese dispatched an invasion task force of three transports carrying 2,400 troops, supported by two heavy cruisers, a two-carrier support force and a covering group of four battleships. . The sole survivor of the squadrons 30 officers and men was Ensign George H. Gay, Jr., who spent several hours floating in the water, watching the battle. Morison, "Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions: May 1942 August 1942". Hickman, Kennedy. help him spread the Gospel?Here is your goal for this assignment:Write a report discussing how education can be a key ingredient of effective ministryIn a report of 250-500 words, i.e., one-half to one-page, provide at least three ways in which Paul's education helped him to be more effective in his ministry. Navy Secretary Frank Knox said of Kwajalein: The Japanese had been there 20 years. The American losses were Yorktown, destroyer Hammann and 147 planes. I finally wangled two months at sea, in 1918, before the war was over. And with this battle the American forces gained, and afterwards continued to gain, hard combat experience; so the Japanese lost that crucial advantage as well. Admiral Spruances last campaigns were the invasions of Iwo Jima and Okinawa, and he was awarded the Navy Cross for extraordinary heroism. Retribution was not long in coming. Subscribe to receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians. Four days after the invasion, all immediate objectives had been taken, and by February 8, 1944, all organized resistance had ceased. erful leader. Finishing the course, he completed a tour in the Office of Naval Intelligence before being posted to USS Mississippi (BB-41) in October 1929 as executive officer. Japanese aircraft carrier attached to the Main Body of the fleet and saw close to no action. Clarence McClusky, swooped from 19,000 feet onto Nagumos ships. My personal congratulations. All three were eventually scuttled. The defeat effectively destroyed the Japanese Navy's air arm. Historian Samuel Eliot Morison believed he was one of the greatest fighting and thinking admirals in American naval history. On 13 May 1945, Admiral Raymond Spruance put pen to paper and described the second kamikaze attack he experienced at Okinawa. Arriving back in the United States, he underwent additional training in electrical engineering at General Electric before being posted to USS Connecticut (BB-18) in May 1910. Commanded the first Japanese air strike against Midway Island at the beginning of the battle. Then it was back to Pebble Beach. Raymond A. Spruance. While one was at sea, the other would be planning their next operation. Nimitz had no battleships left after the Pearl Harbor attack, and after the Battle of the Coral Sea there were only two flattops ready for action, Enterprise and Hornet. Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. While both Fletcher and Spruance were rear admirals, Fletcher was senior and nominally in overall command. Locating the Japanese carriers as they were rearming and refueling their aircraft, American bombers inflicted massive damage and sank three. In January 1945, Spruance resumed command of the fleet and began moving against Iwo Jima. He shifted his flag to the old battleship USSNew Mexico of the shore bombardment force after Indianapolis was struck by a Kamikaze off Okinawa. When Midway began on June 4, 1942 the first few waves of U.S. aircraft were greatly outnumbered by Japanese forces. Spruance became a shadowy sort of legend in the Navy. With their 233 planes and crews at the ready, the three U.S. flattops were stationed well north of Midway, out of sight of enemy reconnaissance planes. Covered by fog and lashed by storms most of the time, they were generally unsuitable for air or naval bases. My mind is blank. His next assignment was command of the destroyer Aaron Ward, and then USS Perceval. He was then 55. I am lazy, and I never have done things myself that I could get someone to do for me. He also commanded Task Force 16 at the Battle of Midway, comprising the carriers Enterprise and Hornet. Raymond Ames Spruance was born in Baltimore, Maryland on July 3, 1886, to Alexander and Annie Spruance, but grew up in Indianapolis. Following a stint aboard USS Cincinnati, Spruance was made commander of the destroyer USS Bainbridge in March 1913 with the rank of lieutenant (junior grade). He organized the Japanese counterattack on the American carriers and is credited with the sinking of the USS Yorktown, the only American Carrier sunk at Midway. The repulse of the Japanese invasion fleet at Midway, and critically the destruction of the Kido Butai, allowed the U.S. to gain parity in the naval air war. He later volunteered to fly a damaged plane and was killed leading the second of Hiryu's counterattacks against the USS Yorktown. Spruance was put in command of Task Force 16, which included two carriers: USS Enterprise and USS Hornet, and was instrumental in the decisive US victory in the Battle of Midway. Although some historians and many newsmen have written many words about Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy and his brilliant career in the Pacific in World War II, the complete story of this reserved and self-effacing man . In April, Nimitz divided command of the Central Pacific Force between Spruance and Halsey. [27], Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. One exception was Admiral John Towers, a constant critic of Spruance, whom Spruance came to despise for his naked ambition.[18]. Spruance's achievements were acknowledged by the unique distinction of a special act of Congress awarding him Admiral's full pay for life. It would become on of the last aircraft carriers to be sunk in a war in all of history during the battle of Leyte Gulf 2-3 years later. He presided over US Forces in the Pacific during two decisive Allied victories: the Battle of Midway in 1942 and the 1944 Battle of the Philippines Sea. However, his actions were both praised and understood by the main persons ordering and directly involved in the battle. He commanded U.S. naval forces during one of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of the Philippine Sea. He suggested Spruance replace him as commander of the Fleet carrier force, despite the fact that Spruce had little experience with carriers. Akagi was lashed by bombs, which exploded torpedoes that were being loaded onto her planes, and the crew abandoned ship. He was dragged out of his flagship Akagi before it sank against his will. "World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance." He managed to gain an appointment from Indiana to the U.S. Admiral Raymond Spruance served in US Navy during World War Two. He wrote the day after the attack and the same day he attended funeral services for the 54 Sailors and Marines killed in the attack. Spruance was detached from command of the Fifth Fleet on November 8, 1945, and he relieved Fleet Admiral Nimitz as commander in chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean areas. For his actions at Iwo Jima and Okinawa, Spruance was awarded the Navy Cross. He never smoked, and drank little. His squadron successfully ambushed and sank 3 Japanese Aircraft Carriers, Lieutenant in command of the USS Hornet air group. Admiral Raymond A. Spruance displayed outstanding leadership and command capabilities during the battle that turned the tide in the Pacific. The combined American force consisted of three carriers, eight cruisers, 15 destroyers, 12 submarines and 353 aircraft, ranged against a grand total of 200 Japanese vessels and 700 planes. The struggle by the U.S. Marine 2nd Division for Betio Islet on Tarawa Atoll was the bloodiest single action in the Corps long history. 6 (June 1955): 658-659. He remained in the position only briefly as he accepted a posting as President of the Naval War College on February 1, 1946. After his funeral, he was buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery near the grave of his wartime commander, Nimitz. [6], Following his return to the United States, Spruance served aboard transport ship USS Agamemnon, before he was ordered to Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine, for duty in connection with fitting out of destroyer USS Aaron Ward in March 1919. Fletcher quickly ordered his dive bombers to strike, which fatally damaged the fourth Japanese carrier; it was scuttled the next day. Three bombs hammered her. [2] He emerged from the war as one of the greater admirals in American naval history. He was decorated with Order of Leopold and Croix de guerre with Palm by the Government of Belgium for his service for the Allied cause.[26]. The setback in the Japanese timetable to encircle the Pacific gave the U.S. industrial machine time to crank up war production, and ultimately, to turn the advantage on Japan in the production of ships, planes, guns, and all the other matriel of war. A number of torpedo squadrons from the airfields and carriers launch attacks on the Japanese carriers but score no hits and almost all planes involved were shot down. The fourth was a choice between Halsey and Spruance, and after much deliberation, eventually Halsey was appointed in December 1945. Michio Kobayashi In 1916 he aided in the fitting out of the battleship Pennsylvania and he served on board her from her commissioning in June 1916 until November 1917. Weeks later . At Midway, dive bombers from the Enterprise crippled sank four larger carriers of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Word of the sacrifice of VT-8 stunned the United States, and Churchill was reported to have wept when he heard about it. From there, he went on to graduate from the U.S. A graduate of the US Naval Academy, Spruance commanded cruisers during the early months of the conflict and first came to prominence for helping lead American forces to victory at the pivotal Battle of Midway in June 1942. In June 1931, Spruance returned to Newport, RI to serve on the staff of the Naval War College. His torpedo bombershaving switched to bombs for the attack on Midwaywere away, and most of his protective fighters were out on patrol. [12] Spruance assumed command of Task Force 16 with its two carriers, USSEnterprise and USSHornet, under battle command of Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher. He never did things the same way twice. Write down what your favorite food is and why to get 50 points :), Select TWO facts about the relationship between Constantinople and Christianity. The Turning Point in the Pacific. After his flagship, the IJN Hiryu, was fatally damaged, he and the Hiryu's captain Tomeo Kaku locked themselves in the bridge and went down with their ship. One commentator said: The quick success of the offensive was attributed to the strategic daring by which Vice Admiral Spruances forces cut behind the eastern chain of the Marshalls. The young, ambitious officer was then assigned to Bainbridge, U.S. destroyer No. The Japanese intercepted this and soon started sending messages that "AF was short on water. Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. Though Spruance had not led a carrier force in the past, Nimitz agreed as the rear admiral would be aided by Halsey's staff, including the gifted Captain Miles Browning. It was hit and shortly after destroyed by American dive bombers. Make sure to provide references and acknowledgement for any sources you use. Admiral Ernest J. I can thank heredity for a sound constitution, and myself for taking care of that constitution." An academic building at the Naval War College was also named for him. 7 reviews. History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. Aboard the Japanese flattops, many torpedo-carrying planes were waiting for fighters to take off as the American planes dived. Spruance's seagoing career included command of the destroyers Bainbridge from March 1913 to May 1914, Osborne, three other destroyers, and the battleship Mississippi. During the last year of World War I he was assigned as Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Naval Shipyard, and carried out temporary duty in London, England and Edinburgh, Scotland. When you moved into Admiral Spruance's command, the printed instructions were up to date, and you did things in accordance with them.[19]. The surviving carrier, Hiry, gave the Japanese some brief respite by sending strikes that again damaged Yorktown. Early on the morning of Thursday, June 4, 1942, Nagumos carriers launched a 108-plane strike against Midway and inflicted About his intellect he was equally unpretentious: "Some people believe that when I am quiet that I am thinking some deep and important thoughts, when the fact is that I am thinking of nothing at all. Spruance was calculating and cautious. Kennedy Hickman is a historian, museum director, and curator who specializes in military and naval history. With it he intended to significantly expand the Imperial Japanese Navy's outer defense perimeter across the central Pacific; and, he believed, this very powerful stroke against Midway would so severely threaten Hawaii and Pearl Harbor that the U.S. government would be induced to sue for peace. Two years later, he aided in the fitting out of USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) then under construction in the yard. The defenders fought fiercely but were unable to inflict any damage on the U.S. vessels. the prospects for its inclusion in doctrine The logical starting point is Admiral Chester Nimitz's famous "letter of instruction" (actually, of course, transmitted . He was raised in Indianapolis, Indiana. Spruance directed Operation Hailstone against the Japanese naval base Truk in February 1944 in which twelve Japanese warships, thirty-two merchant ships and 249 aircraft were destroyed. On October 16, 1946, the former Secretary of War, Robert P. Patterson, presented the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Admiral Spruance, with citation as follows: Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy, as Task Force Commander during the capture of the Marshall and Marianas Islands, rendered exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services from January to June 1944. The victory at Midway, meanwhile, was a tonic for American morale, which had not yet recovered from the disastrous December 7, 1941, raid on Pearl Harbor. His chance would come. Yet the decision is hailed by the series's narrator as instrumental in sealing the American victory. Lt Tomanaga leads Japanese Torpedo Bombers to attack the remaining carriers. Japanese Vice Admiral in command of the Japanese Carrier strike force based on the Aircraft Carrier IJN Akagi. Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy, April 1955 . At Midway, Spruance's force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. President Franklin D. Roosevelt nominated Spruance for promotion to full admiral on February 10, 1944, and he was approved. At that time, Admiral Nimitz instituted a unique arrangement in which the command of the vessels which made up the "Big Blue Fleet" alternated between Admiral William Halsey Jr., at which time it was identified as the Third Fleet and Task Force 38, and Admiral Spruance, when it became the Fifth Fleet and Task Force 58. This gave rise to the description of Spruance as "an Admiral's admiral". Fit and spare in his 70s, Spruance spent most of his retirement days wearing old khakis and work shoes and working in his garden and greenhouse. The Japanese only had 35 serviceable planes left, rendering her carriers toothless Kwajalein: the Japanese intercepted and... Do for me when she was torpedoed and sunk by the U.S. vessels himself all his life battleship USSNew of! Both Fletcher and Spruance were rear admirals, Fletcher was senior and nominally in overall command Peter! Iwo Jima, hands-on education in electrical engineering a few years later Roosevelt nominated Spruance promotion. 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